Trial software allows the user to evaluate the software for a limited amount of time. Demos are usually not time-limited (like Trial software) but the functionality is limited. In some cases, all the functionality is disabled until the license is purchased. Demoĭemo programs have a limited functionality for free, but charge for an advanced set of features or for the removal of advertisements from the program's interfaces. In some cases, ads may be show to the users. Basically, a product is offered Free to Play (Freemium) and the user can decide if he wants to pay the money (Premium) for additional features, services, virtual or physical goods that expand the functionality of the game. This license is commonly used for video games and it allows users to download and play the game for free. There are many different open source licenses but they all must comply with the Open Source Definition - in brief: the software can be freely used, modified and shared. Programs released under this license can be used at no cost for both personal and commercial purposes. Open Source software is software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify or enhance. Freeware products can be used free of charge for both personal and professional (commercial use). New: Windows Audio (WASAPI) Output plug-in (w.i.p.) - Improved: Added an option to completely disable Winamp's video support - Improved: Added an auto-fullscreen option to video prefs - Improved: Added /ENUMPLAYLISTS to the command-line support - Improved: Windows 8.1 and 10 compatibility - Improved: OpenMPT-based Module Player (replaces old MikMod player) - Improved: Added browse path & edit title functions in Ctrl+E editor - Improved: Updated scrollbars and buttons and other tweaks (thanks Martin) - Improved: Added a Playlist Search feature (thanks Victor) - Fixed: New URLs not being remembered after using Reset history in Open URL dialog - Fixed: Various memory leaks - Fixed: Not showing correct current icon pack in preferences - Fixed: Divide-by-zero crash with badly formed files (thanks ITDefensor) - Fixed: Crashing with some ID3v2 tags - Fixed: Slow loading issue - Fixed: Crash on load if jnetlib was not correctly initialized - Misc: Minimum required OS is now Win XP sp3 (Windows 7 or higher recommended) - Misc: More general tweaks, improvements, fixes and optimizations - Misc: Moved shared DLLs to Winamp\Shared folder - Misc: MP3 Encoder must now be downloaded manually (to Shared folder) - Removed: All former "Pro" licensed functions (Winamp is now 100% freeware again) - Removed: gen_jumpex & UnicodeTaskbarFix (making way for native implementations) - Removed: DRM support - Replaced: CD playback and ripping now using native Windows API (instead of Sonic) - Replaced: MP3 Decoder now mpg123 based (instead of Fraunhofer) - Replaced: AAC Decoder now using Media Foundation (Vista and higher) - Replaced: H.264 Decoder now using Media Foundation (Vista and higher) - Replaced: MPEG-4 Pt.2 Decoder now using Media Foundation (Vista and higher) - Updated: libogg 1.3.2 & libvorbis 1.3.5 (aoTuV b6.03) - Updated: libyajl v2.1.0 - Updated: OpenSSL v1.0.1i - Updated: libpng v1.5.24įreeware programs can be downloaded used free of charge and without any time limitations.
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In a reaction will be positive where as if gas is consumed the standard entropy will be negative. as a note gas can better distribute energy than a solid so in general the standard entropy if there is a net formation of gas The v is the stoichemetric equivalents of the products and reactants. Which outlines that the standard reaction entropy is the sum of the molar entropies of the products subtracted from the sum of the molar entropies of the reactants. The change in molar entropy caused by reactants in their standard states changeing to products in their standard states. What is the molar entropy at this temperature?Īccording to the debye approximation C p becomes aT 3 Ī certain solid has a C p,m at 4.2 K of 0.43 J K -1mol -1. The final integral calculates the entropy up to the temperature that is desired. The second integral calculates the entropy from fusion to vaporization, the equation for the entropy of vaporization is added to this. The first integral calculates the entropy change from 0K up to the temperature of fusion,the equation for the entropy of fusion is added to this. |-1st integral-| |-fusion-| |-2nd integral-| |-vaporization-| |-final integral-| In quesion plus the changes of entropy of the state changes. The entropy of a molecule at a particular temperature is found by adding up all the changes in entropy from T=0 to the temperature The basic template of equation 1 in the second graph the changes in entropy are shown at the transition points. The equation is as follows:Įquation 2 Where a is just a proportionality constant.įigure 1 below in the top graph shows how the Debye approximation might be used to estimate the entropy of aįigure 1 above in the first graph shows the Debye approximation with this it becomes possible to calculate the entropy by using This is used to approximate heat capacities at temperatures below 10 Kelvin. Which states that that C p is proportional to T 3 In this difficult area The Debye extrapolation is used. However, heat capacity is difficult to calculate at Absolute Zero zero. Where C p is the heat capacity at constant pressure and T is temperature. The calculation for the change in entropy is describe by the integral: However, this only is valid for a perfectly crystalline substance because when the temperature is at zero Kelvins (units?) heat energy does not exist in the system and the structure is perfectly ordered leaving no other way to disperse the energy because there is no disorder in the system. Which states that as Temperature goes to Zero Kelvin (units?) The change in entropy will also go to zero. The third law of thermodynamics takes this into account with the Nernst Heat Theorem: However this is impossible to calculate definitively. This is found by calculating the entropy change of a substance when it warmed from absolute zero to the standard temperature (the experimenter in interested in). ΔS Total = ΔS step 1 + ΔS step 2 ΔS step 1 = 0.06 J K -1 Lastly, we add the change in entropy of both steps together to obtain the total entropy change: Step 2: Change in temperature (Heating at constant volume) Step 1: Change in volume (Isothermal expansion from 0.500 to 1.000 dm^3) Water, due to its hydrogen bonding that holds the molecules together, shows an entropy of vaporization higher than the majority of liquids.Ĭalculate the entropy change when Argon at 25 C, and 1.00 bar in a container of volume 0.500 dm^3 is allowed to expand to 1.00 dm^3 and is simultaneusly heated to 100 C. However, there are exceptions to this rule. According to Trauton's rule, a change in volume takes place when a liquid evaporates to become a gas, and all liquids can be expected to have similar standard entropies of vaporization. Trauton's rule specifically applies to vaporization. Table 3.1 gives us the standard entropies (and temperatures) of phase transitions, and table 3.2 gives us the standard entropies of vaporization of liquids. At the temperature where the transition is taking place, the heat transferred from the system to the surroundings is reversible because the two phases are at equilibrium. The entropy of matter increases as it changes from solid to < liquid to< gas. When matter changes phases, the order in which molecules are held together as well as the localization of energy changes. ** This is the equation for entropy change in a system whether the path is reversible or not because entropy is a state function.Įntropy Change for Reversible Phase Changes: As long as the initial and final states of a system are connected by any reversible adiabatic path, the entropy change is going to be zero.Įntropy Change for an Ideal Gase (Isotherm): 2 etc) Calculating Entropy Change in Specific Processesįor adiabatic changes, q=0 and the entropy change is 0. Dr Cooper's comments: Number fundamental equations (Eq. 4/21/2024 0 Comments Density of water at 20cOn the other hand, the kinematic viscosity tells about the speed the fluid reaches when a particular force is applied to the fluid. 0.998203 (g/cm 3) water density at 20 ☌ Using a single-pan balance Determine: the mass of the clean, dry pycnometer: P, the mass of the water-filled pycnometer at t ☌: P 1 following the instructions outlined in A.4.1.1, the mass of the tare bottle. From the specific gravity formula, we can note something: If SG > 1, the material density is higher than water density, and the material sinks into the water. When choosing between the two viscosities, it is worth noting that dynamic viscosity tells us about the force required to move the fluid at a certain speed. For example, to calculate the specific gravity of iron (whose density is 7870 kg/m 3). We thank the University of Michigan and the NOAA for assistance with this calculator and information.The larger the force or stress needed to move the plate, the more viscous the fluid is. The specific weight of water is 9.81 kN/m3 or 62.43 Ib/ft3. You just need to measure the salinity, temperature and pressure to be able to find density. Density is usually calculated using a standard equation. If you wanted to measure the density of ocean water but did not have the expensive equipment to do it directly, you would have to collect a sample of sea water and bring it back to a controlled environment to be measured. The density of ocean water is rarely measured directly. Hence, ocean water moves laterally along the layers with the same density. Hematite nanostructures are strong candidates for the development of sustainable water splitting technologies. That surface level movement is to some degree vertical and horizontal, perhaps swirling, but within the same general density layer. Changes in density of aqueous solutions with changes in concentration at 20☌. Circulation in the depths of the ocean is horizontal, a result of deviations in density in constrast to surface circulation which is a product of surface winds. Density of Aqueous Solutions of Organic Substances as Sugars and Alcohols. The deep ocean is layered with the most dense water on bottom and the lightest water on top. So, the density of ocean water increases somewhat proportionately as you go to or toward the bottom of the ocean. The temperature of the ocean decreases significantly as you go to the bottom of the ocean. Hence, a layer of water (pycnocline) with higher salinity can actual float on top of water with lower salinity if the layer with higher salinity is quite a bit warmer than the lower salinity layer. However, temperature has a greater effect on the density of water than does salinity. Given two layers of water with the same salinity, the warmer water will float on top of the colder water. The reciprocal of density is the specific volume v, which is defined as volume per. Density of water as a function of temperature. Unlike liquids, the density of a gas is strongly influenced by both pressure and temperature. lists values of density for several common liquids. Less dense water floats on top of more dense water. The density of water at 4 0C is 1000 kg/m3. Increasing salinity also increases the density of sea water. So, the colder the water, the more dense it is. Ocean water gets more dense as temperature goes down. The first is the temperature of the water and the other us the salinity of the water. There are two main factors that make ocean water more or less dense than about 1027 kg/m 3. Density of ocean water at the sea surface is about 1027 kg/m 3. Ocean water is more dense because of the salt in it. The density of pure water is 1000 kg/m 3. This is applicable for any fluid that is primarily water based. Relative humidity at a given temperature and known vapor density and saturation density. Example: to find the density of water at 16.1 ☌, you would first find the whole degree by searching down the left hand column until you reach 16. Then click on the Calculate button and the water density is calculated and displayed, based on your input data. In our calculator, enter the temperature in degrees C or F (click anywhere outside of any of the fields for the conversion), and the salinity in mg/L or the equivalent of PPM. Use this calculator to account for pressure. Pressure is a large factor in water density in the ocean. This script determines the density of water is a function of both temperature and salinity pressure is assumed at the surface since this is for non-depth related samples. This calculator requires the use of Javascript enabled and capable browsers. It can even be used to make a completely new, unique image from scratch. Once you’ve got Photoshop Elements installed and gone into the Photo Editor, you’ll want to start with using the program in the Quick mode. It is subscription only, and is 9.99/month in the US. Especially if you are considering Lightroom Classic CC. : Canon EOS R5 C training series is released. While Lightroom is great for carrying out strictly photo editing tasks, Photoshop can edit any image and can be used to make additions to an image, such as text or other graphics. There are three different ways of using Photoshop Elements, using the Quick, Guided, and Advanced tabs at the top, and this makes it really user-friendly for the beginner. If youre not looking at Lightroom for its editing capabilities, and just considering it for its organizing and keywording and facial recognition type of capabilities, I think you would be wasting your money. Lightroom's interface is a lot less complex than Photoshop's since it has fewer tools and features. The advantages of Lightroom include: Lightroom is easier to learn. And again, you'll have to experiment some with the Blur Radius settings for the borders of your masked area. Both have clear uses for photographers and other creatives, with Lightroom better suited to traditional photoediting on images straight from a camera. But it should also work to "juice up" color saturation, hue and/or brightness in specific areas. It works well for things like lightening areas where someone's face didn't get enough flash fill. It may take a bit of time though until you start to get a feel for working with it.Īlso, later versions of DPP4 (4.10 and above?) now have a Partial Adjustment Tool palette which can be used to mask off areas of the picture that you don't want to edit. I'd love the sky to be a bit bluer without adding blue to the bird's breast that I am shooting, and I have just taken some pictures of starry nights and I have tried stacking but no success yet (I used the free deepskystacker software which sort of works but DPP 4 was inconsistent it seems in its ability to work with TIFF files).ĭon't know how deep you've gotten in to DPP4, but have you spent any time experimenting with the Color Adjustment Tool palette? It will allow you to make some pretty specific and narrow color adjustments for some shots. Am wondering about moving up mostly because I sometimes want more control over a segment of a picture. 4/21/2024 0 Comments Children bmi calculator metricNote that the risk of death is not the only negative outcome associated with being underweight or overweight. The calculator outputs a chart with 35-year absolute risk of all-cause death for men and women separately, and plots your BMI score so you can estimate your risk level. This is because the data comes from different studies. Risk of death is versus BMI < 19, risk of type II diabetes is versus BMI < 22-23, high blood pressure vs BMI < 23, arthritis and gallstones are vs. * some health risks are calculated differently than others. The graph shows relationship between being overweight or obese according to BMI measures and relative risk of different diseases. With our calculator you will also get a percentage over/under the normal limit as an output. Sticking to a healthy BMI of between 18.5 and 24.9 (normal weight / healthy weight range) is therefore recommended by health authorities such as the US CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) in order to minimize the risk of health problems. BMI categories and corresponding BMI prime and risk levels CategoryĪs you can see, there is a moderate risk in being underweight, but obesity is certainly a primary risk factor for different sorts of causes for mortality. There are different approaches to categorization, but below is the widely accepted WHO categorization. Individuals are classified in several BMI categories (classes) according to their mortality risk. 77 / 3.16 = 24.36, so your BMI is ~24, putting you just in the healthy weight range for your given height. If you also weigh 170 pounds, that is 170 * 0.453 = 77 kg. If you do not, some conversions might be necessary.įor example, if you are 5 feet 10 inches tall, that is 5 x 12 + 10 = 70 inches. Then just multiply your height by itself, and then divide your weight by the result. So, how to calculate BMI knowling the formula above? It is a straightforward task, especially if you already know your height and weight in meters and kg. Weight is referred to as "mass" in medical literature, while height is often called "stature". Of course, in our online BMI calculator you can enter either SI units or imperial metrics for height (feet and inches) as well as weight pounds for weight. BMI formulaīMI (kg/m 2) = weight (kg) / height 2 (m) See below for a list of BMI categories (classifications). The bigger your calculated BMI is, the greater the risk for cardiovascular complications like hypertension, type II diabetes, some types of cancer, renal disease, degenerative arthritis, gallstones, all of which have links to excessive weight relative to one's height. The importance and usefulness of the index and hence any Body Mass Index calculator is in its curvilinear relationship to all-cause mortality. In general, BMI is useful when applied to adults, but may be ill-suited when used for young children or even teenagers where the waist to hip ratio and body fat estimates may be more informative. The modern term "body mass index" (BMI) was coined in a paper published in the July 1972 edition of the Journal of Chronic Diseases by Ancel Keys et al., in which it was argued that what was defined as BMI was ".if not fully satisfactory, at least as good as any other relative weight index as an indicator of relative obesity". The concept of the BMI is due to one Adolphe Quetelet - a Belgian astronomer, mathematician, statistician and sociologist and his work on "social physics" between 1830 to 1850. Our BMI calculator also requires just these two measurements as input and the output is in the units BMI is measured: kg per square meter (kg/m 2), which is often left out in both writing and speech. The simplicity of the body mass index calculation is one of its advantages: to calculate it one only needs to know his or her weight and height. Body Mass Index (BMI) is an index that attempt to quantify the amount of muscle, fat, and bone mass in an individual, and categorize them as underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese, based on the index value. 4/21/2024 0 Comments Meaning of the elder futhark runesThis reduction in runes, from 24 to 16, occurred paradoxically at a time when the spoken language, evolving from Proto-Norse to Old Norse, saw an increase in phonetic diversity. The Younger Futhark, also known as Scandinavian runes, emerged around the 9th century, after a “transitional period” during the 7th and 8th centuries. It was a reflection of the socio-cultural changes during the Viking Age. The transition from the Elder Futhark to the Younger Futhark was not merely a matter of reducing the number of runes. Evolution from Elder Futhark to Younger Futhark The runes were not just a writing system but a testament to the beliefs, values, and everyday life of human beings who once roamed Northern Europe. These unique symbols were more than mere letters they were imbued with power and meaning, serving as a bridge between the material world and the spiritual heritage of the Germanic peoples. The Elder Futhark runes stand as the oldest form of the runic alphabet, deeply rooted in the traditions and ancient language of the Germanic tribes. Historical Context of Runes Origins of the Runes Whether for personal growth, spiritual insight, or understanding Germanic paganism, runes offer a window into an ancient, yet ever-relevant world. Shows like “Vikings” have reignited curiosity about Norse mythology, the use of runes, and their given meanings.Īs we delve deeper, it’s vital to approach with respect for the wisdom of the runes and the ancient language they represent. Especially among pagans, Wiccans, and those drawn to Norse spiritual heritage. In modern times, there’s a resurgence in rune interest. Each aett associates with specific deities and themes, enriching the stories behind each rune. The Elder Futhark divides into three ‘aetts’ – Freya’s aett, Heimdall’s aett, and Tyr’s aett. The word “rune”, from the Germanic word, signifies a “secret” or “whisper”, highlighting their mystical nature. They’re tools for divination, offering guidance in everyday life and signs of hope in challenges. Each rune symbol held specific meanings, intertwined with life’s spiritual journey and nature’s forces.įor many, runes are akin to tarot cards. But it wasn’t just for mundane communication. Originating as the oldest form of the runic alphabet, the Elder Futhark was a primary writing system for Germanic tribes. Rooted deeply in Norse mythology and Germanic paganism, these runes offer insights into traditions and practices from Northern Europe. They stand as a profound testament to the spiritual heritage of the Germanic peoples. The Elder Futhark runes are more than just ancient symbols. I verify that the information I am submitting in support of my request for an accommodation is complete and accurate to the best of my knowledge, and I understand that any intentional misrepresentation contained in this request may result in discipline, up to and including termination. If requested, can you provide documentation to support your belief and the need for accommodation? YES NO If no, please explain why: We may need to discuss the nature of your sincerely held religious belief, observance, or practice, and accommodation with your religion’s spiritual leader (if applicable) or religious scholars to address your request for an exception. In some cases, will need to obtain additional information and/or documentation about your sincerely held religious belief, observance, or practice. Please describe the specific reasonable accommodation you are requesting from.Please briefly explain how long you have maintained your sincerely held religious belief, observance, or practice that conflicts with ’s COVID-19 Vaccination Policy and how it governs or impacts other aspects of your life.Company Name] ’s COVID-19 Vaccination Policy.Please briefly explain how your sincerely held religious belief, observance, or practice conflicts with ’s COVID-19 Vaccination Policy.Do you regard yourself as having a sincerely held religious belief, observance, or practice that you believe should exempt you from ’s COVID-19 Vaccination Policy? 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This information will be used by Human Resources or other appropriate personnel to engage in an interactive process to determine the precise limitations of your ability to comply with ’s COVID-19 Vaccination Policy and explore potential reasonable accommodations that could overcome those limitations. To request an accommodation related to ’s COVID-19 Vaccination Policy, please complete this form and return it to Human Resources. will provide reasonable accommodations for employees’ sincerely held religious beliefs, observances, and practices that conflict with getting vaccinated for COVID-19, as long as the requested accommodation does not create an undue hardship for or pose a direct threat to you or others in the workplace. As such, complies with all laws protecting employees’ religious beliefs and practices. Is committed to providing equal employment opportunities without regard to any protected status, and a work environment that is free of unlawful harassment, discrimination, and retaliation. You can also select the output quality preferred. When selecting the output format, you are also given the option of selecting the output device, i.e. Now select the audio format under “Audio” option, in this case, it will be the WMA format. At this step, you are given the option to add a single video, multiple, or an entire folder onto the program, and all the videos contained therein will be added to the conversion list.Ĭlick on “Convert All Tasks To” to get the 150 supported formats. This will input the files you intend to convert into the program. Once the software is launched, you can begin the conversion process by simply adding the files using the “Add Files” button. Here is a step-by-step process through which you can convert the YouTube videos to WMA format. With the preset and optimized profiles, you can convert the videos to any formats you want. UniConverter offers you with the options to play and convert the YouTube to Windows video format and audio format (WMA). Step-by-step Guide to Convert YouTube Video to WMA It has a toolbox that makes it easy to copy DVD media, create GIFs, convert VR, edit video metadata and also do the screen recording of your desktop activities. The video editing tool has quite extensive video effects.
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